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  • Exam: Medical College Admission Test: Verbal Reasoning, Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences, Writing Sample
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  • Updated On: Jan 26, 2025
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  • Question 1
    • The time has come to acknowledge the ascendancy of the humanistic psychology movement. The so-called
      “Third Stream” emerged at mid-century, asserting itself against the opposition of a pair of mighty, longestablished currents, psychoanalysis and behaviorism. The hostility between these two older schools, as well
      as divisiveness within each of them, probably helped enable humanistic psychology to survive its early years.
      But the movement flourished because of its wealth of insights into the nature of this most inexact science.
      Of the three major movements in the course of 20th century psychology, psychoanalysis is the oldest and most
      introspective. Conceived by Sigmund Freud as a means of treating mental and emotional disorders,
      psychoanalysis is based on the theory that people experience unresolved emotional conflicts in infancy and
      early childhood. Years later, although these experiences have largely disappeared from conscious awareness,
      they may continue to impair a person’s ability to function in daily life. The patient experiences improvement
      when the psychoanalyst eventually unlocks these long-repressed memories of conflict and brings them to the
      patient’s conscious awareness.
      In the heyday of behaviorism, which occurred between the two world wars, the psychoanalytic movement was
      heavily criticized for being too concerned with inner subjective experience. Behavioral psychologists, dismissing
      ideas and feelings as unscientific, tried to deal only with observable and quantifiable facts. They perceived the
      human being merely as an organism which generated responses to stimuli produced by its body and the
      environment around it. Patients’ neuroses no longer needed analysis; they could instead by modified by
      behavioral conditioning. Not even babies were safe: B.F. Skinner devised a container in which infants could be
      raised under “ideal” conditions – if a sound-proof box can be considered the ideal environment for child-rearing.
      By mid-century, a number of psychologists had grown dissatisfied with both the deterministic Freudian
      perspective and the mechanistic approach of behaviorism. They questioned the idea that human personality
      becomes permanently fixed in the first few years of life. They wondered if the purpose of psychology was really
      to reduce people to laboratory specimens. Was it not instead possible that human beings are greater than the
      sum of their parts? That psychology should speak to their search for fulfillment and meaning in life?
      It is questions like these that members of the Third Stream have sought to address. While the movement
      cannot be simplified down to a single theoretical position, it does spring from certain fundamental propositions.
      Humanistic psychologists believe that conscious experience, rather than outward behavior, is the proper
      subject of psychology. We recognize that each human being is unique, capable of change and personal growth.
      We see maturity as a process dependent on the establishment of a set of values and the development of self.
      And we believe that the more aspects of self which are satisfactorily developed, the more positive the
      individual’s self-image.
      Abraham Maslow, a pioneer of the Third Stream, articulated a hierarchy of basic human needs, starting with
      food, water and air, progressing upward through shelter and security, social acceptance and belonging, to love,
      esteem and self-expression. Progress toward the higher stages cannot occur until all of the more basic needs
      have been satisfied. Individuals atop the pyramid, having developed their potential to the highest possible
      extent, are said to be “self-actualized”.
      If this humanist theoretical perspective is aimed at empowering the individual, so too are the movement’s
      efforts in the practical realm of clinical psychology. Believing that traditional psychotherapists tend to lead
      patients toward predetermined resolutions of their problems, Carl Rogers pressed for objective evaluations of
      both the process and outcome of psychotherapeutic treatment. Not content to function simply as a reformer,
      Rogers also pioneered the development of “client-centered” or nondirective therapy, which emphasizes the
      autonomy of the client (i.e., patient). In client-centered therapy, clients choose the subjects for discussion, and
      are encouraged to create their own solutions to their problems.
      The author most probably believes that, in its early days, the humanistic psychology movement:
      I. benefited from dissension among psychologists.
      II. acknowledged Maslow and Rogers as its only leaders.
      III. was an offshoot of behaviorism.

      Section: Verbal Reasoning 

      Answer: A
  • Question 2
    • When food is scarce, tool use among non-human primates does not increase. This counterintuitive finding
      leads researchers to suggest that the driving force behind tool use is ecological opportunity – and that the
      environment shapes development of culture. Whether you’re a human being or an orangutan, tools can be a
      big help in getting what you need to survive. However, a review of current research into the use of tools by nonhuman primates suggests that ecological opportunity, rather than necessity, is the main driver behind primates
      such as chimpanzees picking up a stone to crack open nuts.
      An opinion piece by Dr Kathelijne Koops of the University of Cambridge and others, published today (12
      November 2014) in Biology Letters, challenges the assumption that necessity is the mother of invention. She
      and her colleagues argue that research into tool use by primates should look at the opportunities for tool use
      provided by the local environment.
      Science Daily and University of Cambridge, Tools and primates: Opportunity, not necessity, is the mother of
      invention, 2014.
      This two-paragraph passage is the introduction to the article cited below the passage. From just this
      introduction, it can be assumed that the author will most likely use the following technique to support the
      premise of the article:

      Section: Verbal Reasoning 

      Answer: D
  • Question 3
    • Every atomic orbital contains plus and minus regions, defined by the value of the quantum mechanical function
      for electron density. When orbitals from different atoms overlap to form bonds, an equal number of new
      molecular orbitals results. These are of two types: σ or π bonding orbitals, formed by overlap between orbital
      regions with the same sign, and antibonding σ* or π* orbitals, formed by overlap between regions with opposite
      signs. Bonding orbitals have lower energy than their component atomic orbitals, and antibonding orbitals have
      higher energy. The electron pairs reside in the lower-energy bonding orbitals; the higher-energy, less stable
      orbitals remain empty when the molecule is in its ground state.
      A benzene ring has six unhybridized pz
       orbitals (one from each carbon atom), which together from six
      molecular π orbitals, each one delocalized over the entire ring. Of the possible π orbital structures for benzene,
      the one with the lowest energy has the plus region of all six p orbital functions on one side of the ring. The six
      electrons occupying the orbitals fill the three most stable molecular orbitals, leaving the other three empty.
      1
      Among conjugated polyenes (molecules with alternating carbon-carbon double and single bonds) why are those
      that are longer able to absorb longer wavelengths of light?

      Section: Physical Sciences 

      Answer: C
  • Question 4
    • …Until last year many people – but not most economists – thought that the economic data told a simple tale.
      On one side, productivity – the average output of an average worker – was rising. And although the rate of
      productivity increase was very slow during the 1970’s and early 1980’s, the official numbers said that it had
      accelerated significantly in the 1990’s. By 1994 an average worker was producing about 20 percent more than
      his or her counterpart in 1978.
      On the other hand, other statistics said that real, inflation- adjusted wages had not been rising at anything like
      the same rate. In fact, some of the most commonly cited numbers showed real wages actually falling over the
      last 25 years. Those who did their homework knew that the gloomiest numbers overstated the case…Still, even
      the most optimistic measure, the total hourly compensation of the average worker, rose only 3 percent between
      1978 and 1994…
      …But now the experts are telling us that the whole thing may have been a figment of our statistical
      imaginations… a blue-ribbon panel of economists headed by Michael Boskin of Stanford declared that the
      Consumer Price Index [C.P.I.] had been systematically overstating inflation, probably by more than 1 percent
      per year for the last two decades, mainly failing to take account of changes in the patterns of consumption and
      improvements in product quality…
      …The Boskin report, in particular, is not an official document – it will be quite a while before the Government
      actually issues a revised C.P.I., and the eventual revision may be smaller than Boskin and his colleagues
      propose. Still, the general outline of the resolution is pretty clear. When all the revisions are taken into account,
      productivity growth will probably look somewhat higher than it did before, because some of the revisions being
      proposed to the way we measure consumer prices will also affect the way we calculate growth. But the rate of
      growth of real wages will look much higher – and so it will now be roughly in line with productivity, which will
      therefore reconcile numbers on productivity and wages with data that show a roughly unchanged distribution of
      income between capital and labor. In other words, the whole story about workers not sharing in productivity
      gains will turn out to have been based on a statistical illusion.
      It is important not to go overboard on this point. There are real problems in America, and our previous concerns
      were by no means pure hypochondria. For one thing, it remains true that the rate of economic progress over
      the past 25 years has been much slower than it was in the previous 25. Even if Boskin’s numbers are right, the
      income of the median family – which officially has experienced virtually no gain since 1973 – has risen by only
      about 35 percent over the past 25 years, compared with 100 percent over the previous 25. Furthermore, it is
      quite likely that if we “Boskinized” the old data – that is, if we tried to adjust the C.P.I. for the 50’s and 60’s to
      take account of changing consumption patterns and rising product quality – we would find that official numbers
      understated the rate of progress just as much if not more than they did in recent decades…
      …Moreover, while workers as a group have shared fully in national productivity gains, they have not done so
      equally. The overwhelming evidence of a huge increase in income inequality in America has nothing to do with
      price indexes and is therefore unaffected by recent statistical revelations. It is still true that families in the
      bottom fifth, who had 5.4 percent of total income in 1970, had only 4.2 percent in 1994; and that over the same
      period the share of the top 5 percent went from 15.6 to 20.1. And it is still true that corporate C.E.O.’s, who
      used to make about 35 times as much as their employees, now make 120 times as much or more…
      …While these are real and serious problems, however, one thing is now clear: the truth about what is
      happening in America is more subtle than the simplistic morality play about greedy capitalists and oppressed
      workers that so many would-be sophisticates accepted only a few months ago. There was little excuse for
      buying into that simplistic view then; there is no excuse now…
      The Boskin report does all of the following EXCEPT:

      Section: Verbal Reasoning

      Answer: C
  • Question 5
    • The bacterial cells and virus particle, both have: 

      Section: Biological Sciences 

      Answer: B
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